Twitter | Pretraživanje | |

Electrical Component Cross Sections

Take a look at these fascinating and educational cross sections of an LED, resistor, diode, capacitor, and more. (The images in this Moment created by TubeTimeUS are licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
Tube Time 2. tra
here's a cross section of an Ethernet transformer. inside a network adapter, there is one of these in between the Ethernet PHY chip and the cable, providing isolation and safety.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 2. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the side view cross section of an Ethernet transformer.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 2. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated version of the Ethernet transformer cross section.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 3. tra
ok don't try this one at home: this is a cross section of an LR44 alkaline button cell! 🔋⚡️
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 3. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated cross section of the LR44 alkaline button cell.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 3. tra
inspect this cross section of a BGA-packaged chip.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 3. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated cross section of a BGA-packaged chip.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 3. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
detail showing the vias in the substrate
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 3. tra
ever wondered what's inside an optocoupler? wonder no more--look Kat this cross section!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 3. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
...and here's the annotations for the optocoupler cross section.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 4. tra
diodes may look simple, but there's subtlety inside them. check out the cross section of this 1N914.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 4. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the annotated cross section of the 1N914 diode. the two Dumet slugs are separate pieces of metal from the leads, and are brazed together during manufacture.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 4. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
look at the slug on the left--you may notice it has a taper at the end. i think this end is inserted last, pushing up against the ohmic contact (dot) that's already plated onto the silicon die. then when it is heated to bond the glass to the dumet, it alloys with the contact.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 4. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
how does the dot get there? there's a plating bath that applies an AC voltage that's slightly above the diode's voltage rating. only the good diodes get a dot at the cathode end. bad ones break down and plate on both sides. this means they are heavier...
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 4. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
...to sort out the bad diodes from the good ones, they dump the whole lot into a very dense fluid. the bad diodes sink, and the good ones float, so they just scrape those off and use them. forget what fluid they use, it's apparently quite toxic. barium something-or-other?
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 4. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
the sleeves start out with one slug already installed. these all go into special trays. the diode chips are dumped across the tray which is then vibrated at a very specific frequency, causing the diodes to land dot side up!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 4. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
(source: friend of mine who used to be involved with diode manufacturing way back in the day)
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 5. tra
cross section of a headphone plug and jack (aka 1/8" or 3.5mm phone plug). you can see the jack has switches in it. these are often used to disconnect an internal speaker.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 5. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated version of the headphone plug and jack cross section.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 5. tra
this is a small audio transformer, but cut in half and polished.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 5. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
let's zoom in a bit. now you can see the individual strands of copper!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 5. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
cross section of a small audio transformer, zoomed in and annotated.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 6. tra
here's a 5mm wide surface mount power inductor that's been sanded down to expose the insides!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 6. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
and here is the SMD power inductor with annotations. since this is a shielded inductor, it has an outer ferrite shield that helps contain the magnetic field. this reduces the stray magnetic fields which could interfere with other components.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 6. tra
this is a small PCB-mount magnetic speaker that i've cross sectioned.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 6. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the annotated cross section of the PCB-mount magnetic speaker.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 7. tra
check out this cross section of a bi-color red/green LED! you can see that there are two LED die and two bond wires.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 7. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
this is the annotated version of the red/green bi-color LED cross section.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 7. tra
this is a cross section of a 7-segment LED display. you can see the tiny LED chip!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 7. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotations calling out the various parts of this cross sectioned 7-segment LED display.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 7. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
the LED segment still lights up!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
this is a 3-pin bi-color LED that's been sanded down so you can clearly see the lead frame and LED chips.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
with annotations.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
close-up of the two LED chips. one is shorter than the other.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
cross section of an electret microphone element. 🎤
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated cross section of an electret microphone element. 🎤
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
you can see the electret film coating on the backplate here. the metallized diaphragm is torn and distorted from the sectioning process
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
how it works: the metallized diaphragm and backplate act as the two plates of a parallel plate capacitor. the electret material sits in between, along with a small air gap. the electret gives this capacitor a constant charge, Q...
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
...and since the capacitance changes when the diaphragm deflects due to sound coming in because C = e0*A/d, and because Q = CV, the voltage V = (Q/Ae0) * d. in other words, the voltage is directly proportional to the change in distance between the two plates.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
the most fascinating part is the magical electret material. the name is a portmanteau of "electrostatic magnet." it's a material made of polar molecules (positive charge at one end, negative charge at the other) which are all aligned.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
basically you melt the material while it's in a high voltage electric field, causing all the polar molecules to line up, then you let it cool and solidify. now one side is positively charged while the other side is negatively charged. 🧙‍♀️🧲⚡️
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @tradica
tried a suggestion from and put a little oil on it to clear up the surface a bit. it helped a bit, but now there are tiny bubbles. 😂
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
wow, this bi-color LED is even more beautiful from a slightly different angle!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. tra
ever wonder what a 0.1" header and socket look like inside when they're plugged together? wonder no more, rest your eyes on this cross section!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 10. tra
this is a cross section of a miniature reed relay. they're used by the millions in semiconductor test equipment, then discarded after a million cycles, which happens sooner than you might think!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 10. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
this is the annotated cross section of the miniature reed relay. there's a digital cycle counter in the test equipment these are used in, and when that counter passes 1,000,000, the relays are unplugged and thrown out!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 10. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's what the relay looks like, intact, resting comfortably on George. often a semiconductor test board will have one of these relays per pin, and sometimes more.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 11. tra
cross section of a PCB-mount slide switch. this one is SPDT. these are quite inexpensive switches!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 11. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the annotated cross section of a PCB-mount slide switch. when you push on the actuator, the rocker forces the ball against the spring. the ball rolls over the rocker, applying force to the opposite side, moving the rocker so that it presses up against the opposite contact.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 11. tra
check out this cross section of a plain old DIP switch. there are 4 switches in this one, and this is one of the switches.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 11. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the annotated version of the DIP switch cross section. it's pretty simple! note that the actuator has two detents simply because it's a symmetrical plastic piece that can be installed in either orientation. only one detent is used.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 12. tra
this is a very cheap pushbutton that i've cut in half so you can see how simple it is inside. please ignore the void in the middle of the spring; i use glue to hold the internal parts in place during sectioning.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 12. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the cheap pushbutton switch cross section with annotations.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 13. tra
ever wonder what a D-sub connector looks like inside? here's a cross section of a DE-9 plug and receptacle.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 13. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
naturally i also made an annotated version of this picture so you can tell what's going on. there are a few subtle features of the design, like the tiny little solder dams that prevent solder from wicking up inside the pins and sockets.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 17. tra
this is a cross section of an electrical component that interacts with you every day! in fact, there's a good chance you've got one very close to you even as you read this. what is it?
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 17. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
it's a vibration motor! this is the annotated cross section. (there's a little air bubble in the upper right that formed in the glue i used to hold it together for the sectioning process.)
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 19. tra
cross section of a 2N2222 in a TO-18 metal can
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 19. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the annotated version of the 2N2222 in the TO-18 package. the package is actually pretty complicated! lots of materials science here.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 19. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
from this angle you can see the 2N2222 transistor die. 👾
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 20. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @whitequark
the transistor lights up like an LED! it happens if you reverse bias the base-emitter junction and trigger an avalanche breakdown (about 10V). h/t for the technique.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 19. tra
this is a cross section of a quartz crystal in an HC-49 package. ignore the blob of glue on the right, it was to hold the quartz in place during sectioning.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 20. tra
here's a cross section of a BLOWN LED. why is it so clean? IT CROSS-SECTIONED ITSELF. i have video proof to follow!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 20. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
video of an LED failing and cross-sectioning itself right down the middle! 🤯
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 20. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated version of the LED that failed and cross sectioned itself.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 23. tra
SMA connectors help move RF signals from place to place. here's an SMA mated connector pair cut in half. they are from two different manufacturers, but fit together perfectly -- tight tolerances are critical for good RF performance!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 23. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated cross section of a mated SMA connector pair. this annotation barely scratches the surface because there are a lot of very subtle design features that you'd need a whole class to cover.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 23. tra
this is a type N connector cut in half. the 'N' stands for Neill, since Paul Neill worked on this connector while at Bell Labs. he also worked on the BNC connector (Bayonet Neill-Concelman).
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 23. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
this is an annotated cross section of the type N connector. notice the distance between the center conductor and the ground shield changes depending on the dielectric material (air or plastic).
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 24. tra
this is a common BNC plug and jack that have been cut in half. it is quite a complicated and subtle assembly!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 24. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here is the annotated BNC plug and jack cross section. notice that the diameter of the center contact is consistent and only changes when it enters the cable, which is when the dielectric diameter changes as well? this is to maintain a constant 50 ohm impedance.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 24. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
it's fascinating to compare the 75 ohm and 50 ohm BNC connectors! the contacts are the same size to prevent damage when accidentally mating 75 ohm to 50 ohm connectors. to keep the 75 ohm impedance, the connector uses an air gap around the wider contacts.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 25. tra
here's a slightly unusual connector. this is an HDBNC (High Density BNC) connector that's been cross sectioned. it's sometimes used for video broadcast equipment (75 ohms) but this example is 50 ohms. the second image compares it with standard BNC.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 25. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
cross section of the HDBNC connector. there are a bunch of air gaps, dielectric thickness changes, and complex features that are telltale signs of computer modeling and simulation.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
this is the cross section of a coaxial cable. it's a LMR-195 cable which is pretty similar to RG-58
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated cross section of the LMR-195 cable.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
cross section of a common USB cable.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated cross section of a typical USB cable.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
check out this cross section of an AC power cord. no, the other end is not plugged in.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the cross section of the power cable. this is an older cord with outdated color codes. the filler also appears to be a natural material (possibly jute)
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
flat phone cable, in cross section.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 30. tra
cross section of an old-school VGA cable. i like the color coding. scale is 1mm/div.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
here's the annotated cross section of the VGA cable. each red, green, and blue signal gets its own little coaxial cable, as does the horizontal sync signal. vertical sync is low frequency and noise tolerant, so it's just a wire. same with the DDC signals (SDA, SCL, +5V, GND)
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
cross section of a DVI-D single link cable. all that aluminum makes me think it's a cheap cable.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
and the DVI-D single link cable but with annotations.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
closeup of a single differential pair inside the DVI-D single link cable. the geometry has to be tightly controlled to maintain a constant impedance!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 2. svi
for your inspection: this cross section of a USB-C connector. it's very complex!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 2. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
there really isn't enough room for all the annotations you'd need to fully describe this USB-C connector cross section. so here are the highlights.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
ever wonder what's inside your USB-C cable? here's a cross section of one! this one can handle 10Gbps.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
and this is what all the little wires and things are for. SBU stands for "SideBand Use"--DisplayPort alt mode uses them for I2C or CEC commands over a special encoded format. CC is the Configuration Channel and decides VBUS voltage and which end is source/sink.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
this cat6 cable is shielded and has a drain wire.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
and here's a cat6 patch cable! notice the plastic ➕ separator? it reduces crosstalk between pairs.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
and a super-thin cat5e patch cable.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 1. svi
time to cut some network cables in half! here's a cat5e patch cable. 🐈 (thread)
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. svi
this is a cross section of a USB-C cable. it's different than the other USB-C cable that i sectioned earlier!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 8. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated USB-C cable cross section. this cable got beat up a bit; one of the micro coax cables has gotten dented or deformed. you can see it's messed with the stranding a bit.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 10. svi
it's Friday, so take a break from work and look at this: a cross section of a Micro-D connector!
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"
Tube Time 10. svi
Odgovor korisniku/ci @TubeTimeUS
annotated version of the Micro-D connector cross section.
Reply Retweet Označi sa "sviđa mi se"